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Package exports

The exports field in the package.json of a package allows to declare which module should be used when using module requests like import "package" or import "package/sub/path". It replaces the default implementation that returns main field resp. index.js files for "package" and the file system lookup for "package/sub/path".

When the exports field is specified, only these module requests are available. Any other requests will lead to a ModuleNotFound Error.

General syntax

In general the exports field should contain an object where each properties specifies a sub path of the module request. For the examples above the following properties could be used: "." for import "package" and "./sub/path" for import "package/sub/path". Properties ending with a / will forward a request with this prefix to the old file system lookup algorithm.

An example:

{
  "exports": {
    ".": "./main.js",
    "./sub/path": "./secondary.js",
    "./prefix/": "./directory/",
    "./prefix/deep/": "./other-directory/"
  }
}

Module request	Result
`package`	`.../package/main.js`
`package/sub/path`	`.../package/secondary.js`
`package/prefix/some/file.js`	`.../package/directory/some/file.js`
`package/prefix/deep/file.js`	`.../package/other-directory/file.js`
`package/main.js`	Error

Alternatives

Instead of providing a single result, the package author may provide a list of results. In such a scenario this list is tried in order and the first valid result will be used.

Note: Only the first valid result will be used, not all valid results.

Example:

{
  "exports": {
    "./things/": ["./good-things/", "./bad-things/"]
  }
}

Here package/things/apple might be found in .../package/good-things/apple or in .../package/bad-things/apple.

Conditional syntax

Instead of providing results directly in the exports field, the package author may let the module system choose one based on conditions about the environment.

In this case an object mapping conditions to results should be used. Conditions are tried in object order. Conditions that contain invalid results are skipped. Conditions might be nested to create a logical AND. The last condition in the object might be the special "default" condition, which is always matched.

Example:

{
  "exports": {
    ".": {
      "red": "./stop.js",
      "yellow": "./stop.js",
      "green": {
        "free": "./drive.js",
        "default": "./wait.js"
      },
      "default": "./drive-carefully.js"
    }
  }
}

This translates to something like:

if (red && valid('./stop.js')) return './stop.js';
if (yellow && valid('./stop.js')) return './stop.js';
if (green) {
  if (free && valid('./drive.js')) return './drive.js';
  if (valid('./wait.js')) return './wait.js';
}
if (valid('./drive-carefully.js')) return './drive-carefully.js';
throw new ModuleNotFoundError();

The available conditions vary depending on the module system and tool used.

Abbreviation

When only a single entry (".") into the package should be supported the { ".": ... } object nesting can be omitted:

{
  "exports": "./index.mjs"
}

{
  "exports": {
    "red": "./stop.js",
    "green": "./drive.js"
  }
}

Notes about ordering

In an object where each key is a condition, order of properties is significant. Conditions are handled in the order they are specified.

Example: { "red": "./stop.js", "green": "./drive.js" } != { "green": "./drive.js", "red": "./stop.js" } (when both red and green conditions are set, first property will be used)

In an object where each key is a subpath, order of properties (subpaths) is not significant. More specific paths are preferred over less specific ones.

Example: { "./a/": "./x/", "./a/b/": "./y/", "./a/b/c": "./z" } == { "./a/b/c": "./z", "./a/b/": "./y/", "./a/": "./x/" } (order will always be: ./a/b/c > ./a/b/ > ./a/)

exports field is preferred over other package entry fields like main, module, browser or custom ones.

Conditions

Reference syntax

One of these conditions is set depending on the syntax used to reference the module:

Condition	Description	Supported by
`import`	Request is issued from ESM syntax or similar.	webpack, Node.js
`require`	Request is issued from CommonJs/AMD syntax or similar.	webpack, Node.js
`style`	Request is issued from a stylesheet reference.
`sass`	Request is issued from a sass stylesheet reference.
`asset`	Request is issued from a asset reference.
`script`	Request is issued from a normal script tag without module system.

These conditions might also be set additionally:

Condition	Description	Supported by
`module`	All module syntax that allows to reference javascript supports ESM. (only combined with `import` or `require`)	webpack
`types`	Request is issued from typescript that is interested in type declarations.

`import`

The following syntax will set the import condition:

ESM import declarations in ESM
JS import() expression
HTML <script type="module"> in HTML
HTML <link rel="preload/prefetch"> in HTML
JS new Worker(..., { type: "module" })
WASM import section
ESM HMR (webpack) import.hot.accept/decline([...])
JS Worklet.addModule
Using javascript as entrypoint

`require`

The following syntax will set the require condition:

CommonJs require(...)
AMD define()
AMD require([...])
CommonJs require.resolve()
CommonJs (webpack) require.ensure([...])
CommonJs (webpack) require.context
CommonJs HMR (webpack) module.hot.accept/decline([...])
HTML <script src="...">

`style`

The following syntax will set the style condition:

CSS @import
HTML <link rel="stylesheet">

`asset`

The following syntax will set the asset condition:

CSS url()
ESM new URL(..., import.meta.url)
HTML <img src="...">

`script`

The following syntax will set the script condition:

HTML <script src="...">

script should only be set when no module system is supported. When the script is preprocessed by a system supporting CommonJs it should set require instead.

This condition should be used when looking for a javascript file that can be injected as script tag in a HTML page without additional preprocessing.

Optimizations

The following conditions are set for various optimizations:

Condition	Description	Supported by
`production`	In a production environment. No devtooling should be included.	webpack
`development`	In a development environment. Devtooling should be included.	webpack

Note: Since production and development is not supported by everyone, no assumption should be made when none of these is set.

Target environment

The following conditions are set depending on the target environment:

Condition	Description	Supported by
`browser`	Code will run in a browser.	webpack
`electron`	Code will run in electron.	webpack
`worker`	Code will run in a (Web)Worker.	webpack
`worklet`	Code will run in a Worklet.	-
`node`	Code will run in Node.js.	webpack, Node.js
`deno`	Code will run in Deno.	-
`react-native`	Code will run in react-native.	-

Note: electron, worker and worklet comes combined with either node or browser, depending on the context.

Since there are multiple versions of each environment the following guidelines apply:

node: See engines field for compatibility.
browser: Compatible with current Spec and stage 4 proposals at time of publishing the package. Polyfilling resp. transpiling must be handled on consumer side.
- Features that are not possible to polyfill or transpile should be used carefully as it limits the possible usage.
deno: TBD
react-native: TBD

Conditions: Preprocessor and runtimes

The following conditions are set depending on which tool preprocesses the source code.

Condition	Description	Supported by
`webpack`	Processed by webpack.	webpack

Sadly there is no node-js condition for Node.js as runtime. This would simplify creating exceptions for Node.js.

Conditions: Custom

The following tools support custom conditions:

Tool	Supported	Notes
Node.js	no
webpack	yes	Use `resolve.conditionNames` configuration option.

For custom conditions the following naming schema is recommended:

<company-name>:<condition-name>

Examples: example-corp:beta, google:internal, `

Common patterns

All patterns are explained with a single "." entry into the package, but they can be extended from multiple entries too, by repeating the pattern for each entry.

These pattern should be used as guide not as strict ruleset. They can be adapted to the individual packages.

These pattern are based on the following list of goals/assumptions:

Packages are rotting.
- We assume at some point packages are no longer being maintained, but they are continued to be used.
- exports should be written to use fallbacks for unknown future cases. default condition can be used for that.
- As the future is unknown we assume an environment similar to browsers and module system similar to ESM.
Not all conditions are supported by every tool.
- Fallbacks should be used to handled these cases.
- We assume the following fallback make sense in general:
  - ESM > CommonJs
  - Production > Development
  - Browser > node.js

Depending on the package intention maybe something else makes sense and in this case the patterns should be adopted to that. Example: For a command line tool a browser-like future and fallback doesn't make a lot of sense, and in this case node.js-like environments and fallbacks should be used instead.

For complex use cases multiple patterns need to be combined by nesting these conditions.

Target environment independent packages

These patterns make sense for packages that do not use environment specific APIs.

Providing only an ESM version

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": "./index.js"
}

Note: Providing only a ESM comes with restrictions for node.js. Such a package would only work in Node.js >= 14 and only when using import. It won't work with require().

Providing CommonJs and ESM version (stateless)

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "node": {
      "module": "./index.js",
      "require": "./index.cjs"
    },
    "default": "./index.js"
  }
}

Most tools get the ESM version. Node.js is an exception here. It gets a CommonJs version when using require(). This will lead to two instances of these package when referencing it with require() and import, but that doesn't hurt as the package doesn't have state.

The module condition is used as optimization when preprocessing node-targeted code with a tool that supports ESM for require() (like a bundler, when bundling for Node.js). For such a tool the exception is skipped. This is technically optional, but bundlers would include the package source code twice otherwise.

You can also use the stateless pattern if you are able to isolate your package state in JSON files. JSON is consumable from CommonJs and ESM without polluting the graph with the other module system.

Note that here stateless also means class instances are not tested with instanceof as there can be two different classes because of the double module instantiation.

Providing CommonJs and ESM version (stateful)

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "node": {
      "module": "./index.js",
      "import": "./wrapper.js",
      "require": "./index.cjs"
    },
    "default": "./index.js"
  }
}

// wrapper.js
import cjs from './index.cjs';

export const A = cjs.A;
export const B = cjs.B;

In a stateful package we must ensure that the package is never instantiated twice.

This isn't a problem for most tools, but Node.js is again an exception here. For Node.js we always use the CommonJs version and expose named exports in the ESM with a ESM wrapper.

We use the module condition as optimization again.

Providing only a CommonJs version

{
  "type": "commonjs",
  "exports": "./index.js"
}

Providing "type": "commonjs" helps to statically detect CommonJs files.

Providing a bundled script version for direct browser consumption

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "script": "./dist-bundle.js",
    "default": "./index.js"
  }
}

Note that despite using "type": "module" and .js for dist-bundle.js this file is not in ESM format. It should use globals to allow direct consumption as script tag.

Providing devtools or production optimizations

These patterns make sense when a package contains two versions, one for development and one for production. E. g. the development version could include additional code for better error message or additional warnings.

Without Node.js runtime detection

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "development": "./index-with-devtools.js",
    "default": "./index-optimized.js"
  }
}

When the development condition is supported we use the version enhanced for development. Otherwise, in production or when mode is unknown, we use the optimized version.

With Node.js runtime detection

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "development": "./index-with-devtools.js",
    "production": "./index-optimized.js",
    "node": "./wrapper-process-env.cjs",
    "default": "./index-optimized.js"
  }
}

// wrapper-process-env.cjs
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'development') {
  module.exports = require('./index-optimized.cjs');
} else {
  module.exports = require('./index-with-devtools.cjs');
}

We prefer static detection of production/development mode via the production or development condition.

Node.js allows to detection production/development mode at runtime via process.env.NODE_ENV, so we use that as fallback in Node.js. Sync conditional importing ESM is not possible and we don't want to load the package twice, so we have to use CommonJs for the runtime detection.

When it's not possible to detect mode we fallback to the production version.

Providing different versions depending on target environment

A fallback environment should be chosen that makes sense for the package to support future environments. In general a browser-like environment should be assumed.

Providing Node.js, WebWorker and browser versions

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "node": "./index-node.js",
    "worker": "./index-worker.js",
    "default": "./index.js"
  }
}

Providing Node.js, browser and electron versions

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "electron": {
      "node": "./index-electron-node.js",
      "default": "./index-electron.js"
    },
    "node": "./index-node.js",
    "default": "./index.js"
  }
}

Combining patterns

Example 1

This is an example for a package that has optimizations for production and development usage with runtime detection for process.env and also ships a CommonJs and ESM version

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "node": {
      "development": {
        "module": "./index-with-devtools.js",
        "import": "./wrapper-with-devtools.js",
        "require": "./index-with-devtools.cjs"
      },
      "production": {
        "module": "./index-optimized.js",
        "import": "./wrapper-optimized.js",
        "require": "./index-optimized.cjs"
      },
      "default": "./wrapper-process-env.cjs"
    },
    "development": "./index-with-devtools.js",
    "production": "./index-optimized.js",
    "default": "./index-optimized.js"
  }
}

Example 2

This is an example for a package that supports Node.js, browser and electron, has optimizations for production and development usage with runtime detection for process.env and also ships a CommonJs and ESM version.

{
  "type": "module",
  "exports": {
    "electron": {
      "node": {
        "development": {
          "module": "./index-electron-node-with-devtools.js",
          "import": "./wrapper-electron-node-with-devtools.js",
          "require": "./index-electron-node-with-devtools.cjs"
        },
        "production": {
          "module": "./index-electron-node-optimized.js",
          "import": "./wrapper-electron-node-optimized.js",
          "require": "./index-electron-node-optimized.cjs"
        },
        "default": "./wrapper-electron-node-process-env.cjs"
      },
      "development": "./index-electron-with-devtools.js",
      "production": "./index-electron-optimized.js",
      "default": "./index-electron-optimized.js"
    },
    "node": {
      "development": {
        "module": "./index-node-with-devtools.js",
        "import": "./wrapper-node-with-devtools.js",
        "require": "./index-node-with-devtools.cjs"
      },
      "production": {
        "module": "./index-node-optimized.js",
        "import": "./wrapper-node-optimized.js",
        "require": "./index-node-optimized.cjs"
      },
      "default": "./wrapper-node-process-env.cjs"
    },
    "development": "./index-with-devtools.js",
    "production": "./index-optimized.js",
    "default": "./index-optimized.js"
  }
}

Looks complex, yes. We were already able to reduce some complexity due to a assumption we can make: Only node need a CommonJs version and can detect production/development with process.env.

Guidelines

Avoid the default export. It's handled differently between tooling. Only use named exports.
Never provide different APIs or semantics for different conditions.
Write your source code as ESM and transpile to CJS via babel, typescript or similar tools.
Either use .cjs or type: "commonjs" in package.json to clearly mark source code as CommonJs. This makes it statically detectable for tools if CommonJs or ESM is used. This is important for tools that only support ESM and no CommonJs.
ESM used in packages support the following types of requests:
- module requests are supported, pointing to other packages with a package.json.
- relative requests are supported, pointing to other files within the package.
  - They must not point to files outside of the package.
- data: url requests are supported.
- other absolute or server-relative requests are not supported by default, but they might be supported by some tools or environments.

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